Elsevier

Science of The Total Environment

Review

Climatic change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resources direction in the United states of america

Under a Artistic Commons license

Open access

Highlights

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Climate change is affecting ecosystems at multiple scales.

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Individual/species: changes in morphology and behavior, phenology, and range shifts observed

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Ecosystems: shifts in productivity, species interactions, and emergent properties observed

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Together, these changes are impacting ecosystem services and human well-being.

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Natural resource managers need proactive, flexible approaches to bargain with changes.

Abstract

Climate change is a pervasive and growing global threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Here, we nowadays the virtually upwards-to-engagement cess of climate change impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem services in the U.S. and implications for natural resource direction. We describe from the 4th National Climate Cess to summarize observed and projected changes to ecosystems and biodiversity, explore linkages to important ecosystem services, and discuss associated challenges and opportunities for natural resource management. We detect that species are responding to climate change through changes in morphology and behavior, phenology, and geographic range shifts, and these changes are mediated by plastic and evolutionary responses. Responses by species and populations, combined with direct effects of climatic change on ecosystems (including more extreme events), are resulting in widespread changes in productivity, species interactions, vulnerability to biological invasions, and other emergent properties. Collectively, these impacts alter the benefits and services that natural ecosystems tin provide to society. Although non all impacts are negative, even positive changes can crave plush societal adjustments. Natural resource managers need proactive, flexible adaptation strategies that consider historical and futurity outlooks to minimize costs over the long term. Many organizations are beginning to explore these approaches, but implementation is non still prevalent or systematic across the nation.

Keywords

Global change

Biodiversity

Ecosystems

Ecosystem services

Natural resources management

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